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Pope St. Pius X
(Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto).
Born 2 June, 1835, at Riese,
Province of Treviso, in Venice. His parents were Giovanni Battista Sarto and
Margarita (née Sanson); the former, a postman, died in 1852, but
Margarita lived to see her son a cardinal. After finishing his elements,
Giuseppe at first received private lessons in Latin from the arch-priest of his
town, Don Tito Fusaroni, after which he studied for four years at the gymnasium
of Castelfranco Veneto, walking to and fro every day. In 1850 he received the
tonsure from the Bishop of Treviso, and was given a scholarship of the Diocese
of Treviso in the seminary of Padua, where he finished his classical,
philosophical, and theological studies with distinction. He was ordained in
1858, and for nine years was chaplain at Tombolo, having to assume most of the
functions of parish priest, as the pastor was old and an invalid. He sought to
prefect his knowledge of theology by assiduously studying Saint Thomas and canon
law; at the same time he established a night school for adult students, and
devoted himself of the ministry of preaching in other towns to which he was
called. In 1867 he was named arch-priest of Salzano, a large borough of the
Diocese of Treviso, where he restored the church, and provided for the
enlargement and maintenance of the hospital by his own means, consistently with
his habitual generosity to the poor; he especially distinguished himself by his
abnegation during the cholera. He showed great solicitude for the religious
instruction of adults. In 1875 he was made a canon of the cathedral of Treviso,
and filled several offices, among them those of spiritual director and rector of
the seminary, examiner of the clergy, and vicar-general; moreover, he made it
possible for the students of the public schools to receive religious
instruction. In 1878, on the death of Bishop Zanelli, he was elected vicar-capitular.
On 10 November, 1884, he was named Bishop of Mantua, then a very troublesome
see, and consecrated on 20 November. His chief care in his new position was for
the formation of the clergy at the seminary, where, for several years, he
himself taught dogmatic theology, and for another year moral theology. He wished
the doctrine and method of St. Thomas to be followed, and to many of the poorer
students he gave copies of the "Summa theologica"; at the same time he
cultivated the
Gregorian Chant in company with the seminarians. The temporal administration
of his see imposed great sacrifices upon him. In 1887 he held a diocesan synod.
By his attendance at the confessional, he gave the example of pastoral zeal. The
Catholic organization of Italy, then known as the "Opera dei Congressi", found
in him a zealous propagandist from the time of his ministry at Salzano.
At the secret consistory of
June, 1893, Leo XIII created him a cardinal under the title of San Bernardo alle
Terme; and in the public consistory, three days later, he was preconized
Patriarch of Venice, retaining meanwhile the title of Apostolic Administrator of
Mantua. Cardinal Sarto was obliged to wait eighteen months before he was able to
take possession of his new diocese, because the Italian government refused its
exequatur, claiming the right of nomination as it had been exercised by the
Emperor of Austria. This matter was discussed with bitterness in the newspapers
and in pamphlets; the Government, by way of reprisal, refused its exequatur to
the other bishops who were appointed in the meantime, so that the number of
vacant sees grew to thirty. Finally, the minister Crispi having returned to
power, and the Holy See having raised the mission of Eritrea to the rank of an
Apostolic Prefecture in favour of the Italian Capuchins, the Government withdrew
from its position. Its opposition had not been caused by any objection to Sarto
personally. At Venice the cardinal found a much better condition of things than
he had found at Mantua. There, also, he paid great attention to the seminary,
where he obtained the establishment of the faculty of canon law. In 1898 he held
the diocesan synod. He promoted the use of the
Gregorian Chant, and was a great patron of Lorenzo Perosi; he favoured
social works, especially the rural parochial banks; he discerned and
energetically opposed the dangers of certain doctrines and the conduct of
certain Christian-Democrats. The international Eucharistic Congress of 1897, the
centenary of St.Gerard Sagredo (1900), and the blessing of the corner-stone of
the new belfry of St. Mark's, also of the commemorative chapel of Mt. Grappa
(1901), were events that left a deep impression on him and his people.
Meanwhile, Leo XIII having died, the cardinals entered into
conclave and after several ballots Giuseppe Sarto was elected on 4 August by
a vote of 55 out of a possible 60 votes. His coronation took place on the
following Sunday, 9 August, 1903.
In his first Encyclical,
wishing to develop his programme to some extent, he said that the motto of his
pontificate would be "instaurare omnia in Christo" (Ephes., i, 10). Accordingly,
his greatest care always turned to the direct interests of the Church. Before
all else his efforts were directed to the promotion of piety among the faithful,
and he advised all (Decr. S. Congr. Concil., 20 Dec., 1905) to receive Holy
Communion frequently and, if possible, daily, dispensing the sick from the
obligation of fasting to the extent of enabling them to receive Holy Communion
twice each month, and even oftener (Decr. S. Congr. Rit., 7 Dec., 1906).
Finally, by the Decree "Quam Singulari" (15 Aug., 1910), he recommended that the
first Communion of children should not be deferred too long after they had
reached the age of discretion. It was by his desire that the Eucharistic
Congress of 1905 was held at Rome, while he enhanced the solemnity of subsequent
Eucharistic congresses by sending to them cardinal legates. The fiftieth
anniversary of the proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception was an
occasion of which he took advantage to enjoin devotion to Mary (Encyclical "Ad
illum diem", 2 February, 1904); and the Marian Congress, together with the
coronation of the image of the Immaculate Conception in the choir of St.
Peter's, was a worthy culmination of the solemnity. As a simple chaplain, a
bishop, and a patriarch, Giuseppe Sarto was a promoter of sacred music; as pope,
he published, 22 November, 1903, a Motu Proprio on sacred music in churches, and
at the same time ordered the authentic
Gregorian Chant to be used everywhere, while he caused the choir books to be
printed with the Vatican font of type under the supervision of a special
commission. In the Encyclical "Acerbo nimis" (15 April, 1905) he treated of the
necessity of catechismal instruction, not only for children, but also for
adults, giving detailed rules, especially in relation to suitable schools for
the religious instruction of students of the public schools, and even of the
universities. He caused a new catechism to be published for the Diocese of Rome.
As bishop, his chief care had
been for the formation of the clergy, and in harmony with this purpose, an
Encyclical to the Italian episcopate (28 July, 1906) enjoined the greatest
caution in the ordination of priests, calling the attention of the bishops to
the fact that there was frequently manifested among the younger clergy a spirit
of independence that was a menace to ecclesiastical discipline. In the interest
of Italian seminaries, he order them to be visited by the bishops, and
promulgated a new order of studies, which had been in use for several years at
the Roman Seminary. On the other hand, as the dioceses of Central and of
Southern Italy were so small that their respective seminaries could not prosper,
Pius X established the regional seminary which is common to the sees of a given
region; and, as a consequence, many small, deficient seminaries were closed. For
the more efficient guidance of souls, by a Decree of the Sacred Congregation of
the Consistory (20 August, 1910), instructions were given concerning the removal
of parish priests, as administrative acts, when such procedure was required by
grave circumstances that might not constitute a canonical cause for the removal.
At the time of the jubilee in honour of his ordination as a priest, he addressed
a letter full of affection and wise council to all the clergy. By a recent
Decree (18 Nov., 1910), the clergy have been barred from the temporal
administration of social organizations, which was often a cause of grave
difficulties.
The pope has at heart above
all things the purity of the faith. On various occasions, as in the Encyclical
regarding the centenary of
Saint Gregory the Great, Pius X had pointed out the dangers of certain new
theological methods, which, based upon Agnosticism and upon Immanentism,
necessarily divest the doctrine of the faith of its teachings of objective,
absolute, and immutable truth, and all the more, when those methods are
associated with subversive criticism of the Holy Scriptures and of the origins
of Christianity. Wherefore, in 1907, he caused the publication of the Decree "Lamentabili"
(called also the Syllabus of Pius X), in which sixty-five propositions are
condemned. The greater number of these propositions concern the Holy Scriptures,
their inspiration, and the doctrine of
Jesus and of the Apostles, while others relate to dogma, the sacraments, and
the primacy of the Bishop of Rome. Soon after that, on 8 Sept., 1907, there
appeared the famous Encyclical "Pascendi", which expounds and condemns the
system of Modernism (q. v.). It points out the danger of Modernism in relation
to philosophy, apologetics, exegesis, history, liturgy, and discipline, and
shows the contradiction between that innovation and the ancient faith; and,
finally, it establishes rules by which to combat efficiently the pernicious
doctrines in question. Among the means suggested mention should be made of the
establishment of an official body of "censors" of books and the creation of a
"Committee of Vigilance".
Subsequently, by the Motu
Proprio "Sacrorum Antistitum", Pius X called attention to the injunctions of the
Encyclical and also to the provisions that had already been established under
Leo XIII on preaching, and proscribed that all those who exercised the holy
ministry or who taught in ecclesiastical institutions, as well as canons, the
superiors of the regular clergy, and those serving in ecclesiastical bureaux
should take an oath, binding themselves to reject the errors that are denounced
in the Encyclical or in the Decree "Lamentabili". Pius X reverted to this vital
subject on other occasions, especially in those Encyclicals that were written in
commemoration of St. Anselm (21 April, 1909) and of St. Charles Borromeo (23
June, 1910), in the latter of which Reformist Modernism was especially
condemned. As the study of the Bible is both the most important and the most
dangerous study in theology, Pius X wished to found at Rome a centre for these
studies, to give assurance at once of unquestioned orthodoxy and scientific
worth; and so, with the assistance of the whole Catholic world, there was
established at Rome the Biblical Institute, under the direction of the
Jesuits.
A need that had been felt for
a long time was that of the codification of the Canon Law, and with a view to
effecting it, Pius X, on 19 March, 1904, created a special congregation of
cardinals, of which Mgr Gasparri, now a cardinal, became the secretary. The most
eminent authorities on canon law, throughout the world, are collaborating in the
formation of the new code, some of the provisions of which have already been
published, as, for example, that modifying the law of the Council of Trent on
secret marriages, the new rules for diocesan relations and for episcopal visits
ad limina, and the new organization of the Roman Curia (Constitution "Sapienti
Consilio", 29 June, 1908). Prior to that time, the Congregations for Relics and
Indulgences and of Discipline had been suppressed, while the Secretariate of
Briefs had been united to the Secretariate of State. The characteristic of the
new rule is the complete separation of the judicial from the administrative;
while the functions of the various bureaux have been more precisely determined,
and their work more equalized. The offices of the Curia are divided into
Tribunals (3), Congregations (11), and Offices (5). With regard to the first,
the Tribunal of the Signature (consisting of cardinals only) and that of the
Rota were revived; to the Tribunal of the Penitentiary were left only the cases
of the internal forum (conscience). The Congregations remained almost as they
were at first, with the exceptions that a special section was added to that of
the Holy Office of the Inquisition, for indulgences; the Congregation of Bishops
and Regulars received the name of Congregation of the Religious, and has to deal
only with the affairs of religious congregations, while the affairs of the
secular clergy are to be referred to the Congregation of the Consistory or of
that of the Council; from the latter were taken the matrimonial cases, which are
now sent to the tribunals or to the newly-created Congregation of the
Sacraments. The Congregation of the Consistory has increased greatly in
importance, since it has to decide questions of competence between the various
other Congregations. The Congregation of Propaganda lost much of its territory
in Europe and in America, where religious conditions have become regular. At the
same time were published the rules and regulations for employees and those for
the various bureaux. Another recent Constitution relates to the suburbicarian
sees.
The Catholic hierarchy has
greatly increased in numbers during these first years of the pontificate of Pius
X, in which twenty-eight new dioceses have been created, mostly in the United
States, Brazil, and the Philippine Islands; also one abbey nullius, 16
vicariates Apostolic, and 15 prefectures Apostolic.
Leo XIII brought the social
question within the range of ecclesiastical activity, Pius X, also, wishes the
Church to co-operate, or rather to play a leading part in the solution of the
social question; his views on this subject were formulated in a syllabus of
nineteen propositions, taken from different Encyclicals and other Acts of Leo
XIII, and published in a Motu Proprio (18 Dec., 1903), especially for the
guidance of Italy, where the social question was a thorny one at the beginning
of his pontificate. He sought especially to repress certain tendencies leaning
towards Socialism and promoting a spirit of insubordination to ecclesiastical
authority. As a result of ever increasing divergences, the "Opera die Congressi",
the great association of the Catholics of Italy, was dissolved. At once,
however, the Encyclical "Il fermo proposito" (11 June, 1905) brought about the
formation of a new organization consisting of three great unions, the Popolare,
the Economica, and the Elettorale. The firmness of Pius X obtained the
elimination of, at least, the most quarrelsome elements, making it possible now
for Catholic social action to prosper, although some friction still remains. The
desire of Pius X is for the economical work to be avowedly Catholic, as he
expressed it in a memorable letter to Count Medolago-Albani. In France, also,
the Sillon, after promising well, had taken a turn that was little reassuring to
orthodoxy; and dangers in this connection were made manifest in the Encyclical
"Notre charge apostolique" (15 Aug., 1910), in which the Sillonists were ordered
to place their organizations under the authority of the bishops.
In its relations with
Governments, the pontificate of Pius X has had to carry on painful struggles. In
France the pope had inherited quarrels and menaces. The "Nobis nominavit"
question was settled through the condescension of the pope; but the matter of
the appointment of bishops proposed by the Government, the visit of the
president to the King of Italy, with the subsequent note of protestation, and
the resignation of two French bishops, which was desired by the Holy See, became
pretexts for the Government at Paris to break off diplomatic relations with the
Court of Rome. Meanwhile the law of Separation had been already prepared,
despoiling the Church of France, and also prescribing for the Church a
constitution which, if not openly contrary to her nature, was at least full of
danger to her. Pius X, paying no attention to the counsels of short-sighted
opportunism, firmly refused his consent to the formation of the associations
cultuelles. The separation brought some freedom to the French Church,
especially in the matter of the selection of its pastors. Pius X, not looking
for reprisals, still recognizes the French right of protectorate over Catholics
in the East. Some phrases of the Encyclical "Editæ Sæpe", written on the
occasion of the centenary of St. Charles, were misinterpreted by
Protestants, especially in Germany, and Pius X made a declaration in
refutation of them, without belittling the authority of his high office. At
present (Dec., 1910) complications are feared in Spain, as, also, separation and
persecution in Portugal; Pius X has already taken opportune measures. The new
Government of Turkey has sent an ambassador to the Pope. The relations of the
Holy See with the republics of Latin America are good. The delegations to Chile
and to the Argentine Republic were raised to the rank of internuntiatures, and
an Apostolic Delegate was sent to Central America.
Naturally, the solicitude of
Pius X extends to his own habitation, and he has done a great deal of work of
restoration in the Vatican, for example, in the quarters of the
cardinal-secretary of State, the new palace for employees, the new
picture-gallery, the Specola, etc. Finally, we must not forget his generous
charity in public misfortunes: during the great earthquakes of Calabria, he
asked for the assistance of Catholics throughout the world, with the result that
they contributed, at the time of the last earthquake, nearly 7,000,000 francs,
which served to supply the wants of those in need, and to build churches,
schools, etc. His charity was proportionately no less on the occasion of the
eruption of Vesuvius, and of other disasters outside of Italy (Portugal and
Ireland). In few years Pius X has secured great, practical, and lasting results
in the interest of Catholic doctrine and discipline, and that in the face of
great difficulties of all kinds. Even non-Catholics recognize his apostolic
spirit, his strength of character, the precision of his decisions, and his
pursuit of a clear and explicit programme.
U. BENIGNI
Transcribed by David M. Cheney
Dedicated to Ceil Holman (1907-1996), my grandmother
The Catholic Encyclopedia,
Volume XII
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